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speak
正式、强调发言或说某种语言，后面常接语言名或对象。
talk
较随意，强调交流或对话，常用于非正式场合。
say
强调说出的具体话语，常接“说的话”，不直接接人。
tell
强调“告诉某人某事”，必须接人。
| Word | 正式/非正式 | 是否强调对象 | 常见搭配 |
|---|---|---|---|
| speak | 正式 | 可以接语言或人 | speak English / speak to someone |
| talk | 非正式 | 通常是双向交流 | talk to someone / talk about something |
| say | 中性 | 说‘什么’ | say something / say that... |
| tell | 中性 | 告诉‘谁+什么’ | tell someone something / tell a story |
❌ He said me the truth.
✅ He told me the truth.（tell 要接人，say 不行）
❌ She told ‘goodbye’.
✅ She said ‘goodbye’.（say 后才能直接跟说的话）
❌ I want to speak about the movie.
✅ I want to talk about the movie.（speak 不常接 about，talk about 更自然）