defeat
2025-09-24 09:45:54
以下是英语中常见表示「失败」的词汇及其区别与应用场景的详细解析,通过分类和对比帮助精准表达:
一、核心词汇分类与区别
1. 竞争性失败(对抗性场景)
| 词汇 | 核心含义 | 典型场景 | 情感色彩 | 常用搭配 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Defeat | 被对手击败(主动对抗中失利) | 战争、比赛、辩论 | 中性,强调结果 | admit defeat, narrow defeat |
| Loss | 竞争中的失败(比分、数据上落后) | 比赛、商业竞争 | 中性,量化结果 | suffer a loss, financial loss |
| Downfall | 因自身缺陷导致地位/权力崩塌 | 政治人物垮台、企业衰落 | 负面,长期后果 | lead to downfall, tragic downfall |
例句:
- The team's defeat in the finals shocked their fans.
- The company reported a $2 million loss this quarter.
- Greed became the downfall of the once-great leader.
2. 系统性失败(客观条件导致)
| 词汇 | 核心含义 | 典型场景 | 情感色彩 | 常用搭配 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Failure | 未达预期(广泛通用) | 考试、计划、机器故障 | 中性偏负面 | complete failure, power failure |
| Collapse | 系统/结构突然崩溃 | 经济崩盘、建筑倒塌 | 严重负面 | economic collapse |
| Malfunction | 机械/技术性故障(非人为错误) | 设备失灵、软件错误 | 技术性中性 | system malfunction |
例句:
- The failure of the backup generator caused a blackout.
- The collapse of the bridge was due to poor maintenance.
- The rocket launch was delayed due to a technical malfunction.
3. 个人能力/责任失败
| 词汇 | 核心含义 | 典型场景 | 情感色彩 | 常用搭配 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiasco | 彻底且尴尬的失败(常因混乱导致) | 活动搞砸、公关灾难 | 强烈负面 | complete fiasco |
| Debacle | 公开的惨败(常伴随嘲笑) | 政策失败、项目破产 | 贬义,强调耻辱 | political debacle |
| Shortcoming | 能力/性格缺陷导致失败(非全局) | 个人缺点、技能不足 | 中性,分析性 | address shortcomings |
例句:
- The product launch turned into a fiasco when the demo malfunctioned.
- The new tax policy was a debacle, widely criticized by the public.
- His lack of attention to detail is a major shortcoming.
4. 阶段性/部分失败
| 词汇 | 核心含义 | 典型场景 | 情感色彩 | 常用搭配 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Setback | 暂时挫折(可恢复) | 项目延期、健康复发 | 中性,隐含希望 | temporary setback |
| Flop | 彻底失败(尤指娱乐/商业产品) | 电影票房差、商品滞销 | 口语化贬义 | box office flop |
| Misstep | 轻微错误导致失败(可修正) | 公关失言、策略失误 | 中性,强调过失 | a major misstep |
例句:
- The delayed funding was a setback, but the project continued.
- The highly anticipated film became a flop, earning only $1 million.
- The CEO's controversial tweet was a misstep that hurt the brand.
二、特殊场景词汇
| 词汇 | 核心含义 | 典型场景 |
|---|---|---|
| Bankruptcy | 法律认定的财务失败(资不抵债) | 企业破产、个人破产 |
| Fiasco | 混乱导致的灾难性失败 | 婚礼搞砸、外交危机 |
| Forfeit | 主动放弃导致的失败(弃权/认输) | 比赛弃权、违约 |
例句:
- The company filed for bankruptcy after years of losses.
- The diplomatic meeting ended in a fiasco with no agreement reached.
- They had to forfeit the game due to a player's injury.
三、近义词情感强度对比
| 强度分级 | 词汇示例 |
|---|---|
| 轻微 | Setback, Misstep, Shortcoming |
| 中等 | Failure, Loss, Malfunction |
| 严重 | Collapse, Debacle, Downfall |
| 极端 | Fiasco, Catastrophe (非列表内) |
四、高频易混词对比
-
Defeat vs. Loss
- 同:均指竞争失败
- 异:Defeat强调被击败的过程(动词/名词),Loss强调结果(名词,常量化)。
- 例:They defeated us 3-0 → 强调动作;Our loss was 3-0 → 强调比分结果。
-
Failure vs. Collapse
- Failure可指局部未达标(如发动机故障),Collapse指整体崩溃(如经济体系)。
-
Fiasco vs. Debacle
- Fiasco侧重混乱导致的失败(如组织失误),Debacle强调公开丢脸(如政策被全民反对)。
五、如何精准选词?
-
先判断场景属性:
- 对抗性(战争/比赛)→ Defeat, Loss
- 系统性(机器/计划)→ Failure, Collapse
- 个人责任(考试/错误)→ Fiasco, Shortcoming
-
再考虑情感强度:
- 轻微过失 → Misstep
- 公开耻辱 → Debacle
-
最后看搭配习惯:
- 技术故障 → Malfunction(非 Failure)
- 企业破产 → Bankruptcy(非 Collapse)
实战练习:
- 描述「因管理不善导致公司破产」:
→ The company's collapse was caused by managerial failures, ultimately leading to bankruptcy.
(用 Collapse 强调系统性崩溃,Failure 指出管理问题,Bankruptcy 点明法律结果)